Several factors may be associated with increased risk of IMD, but findings are limited by low certainty evidence. Evidence for the risk of colonization by Neisseria meningitis is more robust, and points to age, sex, crowding and several behaviours associated with increased risk.

The evidence is uncertain whether air filtration during combustion-derived air pollution episodes, such as wildfires, has an effect on health.

There is a lack of published evidence on the effects of mask-wearing on health during combustion-derived air pollution episodes, such as wildfires.

Involving students in leadership roles, restorative justice programs, and inclusivity-focused programs are promising strategies to boost school engagement. Evidence is less clear for the impact of socio-emotional learning, behavioural and mental health-focused interventions: this is likely to change as more evidence becomes available.